In ancient Britain, the culture revolved around the religious leaders, the Druids, a priest-caste that at the turn of the century held enormous power. There were three levels of druids: the bards, the ovates, and the druids. The ones with the most power were the druids. At least one druid was assigned to each tribal king, they paid no taxes, and were not required to submit to military service. Kings would consult the druids before battles to determine the outcome, and therefore, were in many ways more powerful than the king (Sutton, 1-10).
Once the Romans invaded in 43 AD, however, the role of druids changed and they became the leaders and instigators of rebellion across the island. Their center of power was Anglessey Island, where it is believed their university and training center was located. In 61 AD, Paulinus, the governor and leader of Roman forces at the time, decided it was time to put an end to the revolts and attacked the Druids on their sacred island. It was an unequivocal defeat. “It is said that they spared none they met on that bloody field of battle. Men, women, and children were slaughtered…Many of the druids and their followers were thrown into their sacred groves of oaks and then burned alive” (Military History, 7).
Before Paulinus could ensure that every last druid had been decimated, however, he was pulled away to quell an uprising by the Ordovicians led by Queen Boudicca. He would later be recalled to Rome, where he was honored. Later, he would be followed by one of his seconds in command during the battle at Anglesey, Agricola. Agricola took over at the end of summer; the campaign season had passed and the soldiers were looking forward to holing up for the winter for a much-needed rest. As usual, the druids caused a ruckus, not expecting Agricola to meet their challenge. But he did, with a vengeance. The druids were taken by surprise and were not able to pull together. Remembering what happened the last time the Romans attacked Anglesey, the druid leaders surrendered the island (Tacitus, 6).
For all accounts, that was the end of the druids. Without to-do, they just allowed themselves to disappear; or did they? Since the Celts or the druids did not document their history or their beliefs, we only have the historians of the day to refer to, and since they were the enemies of the druids, their accounts are less than reputable. But if the leaders surrendered, then they were not killed. They more than likely went underground. As Christianity spread across the island, it gave them the perfect place to continue in their positions of power.
“Christianity and learning went hand in hand. Almost every one of the multitude of holy men became scholars, and every holy scholar became a teacher” (MacManus, 197). Fame would travel, crowds would flock to learn and emulate him. Each would undoubtedly form a school and educate the people who would set up homes around them.
I would argue that not only did the religion of the ancient Celts survive, it thrived, passed on in the homes of the every-day people, passed on from mother to children as it had for centuries before. The politicians may have converted, but it would take far more to ensure that the hearts and minds of the people followed suit. Only through torture and abuse did the people finally outwardly accept Christianity, but inwardly they could continue to believe and to pray however they felt appropriate.
Cornelius, Tacitus. “Agricola.” Retrieved on March 23, 2011 from
http://www.ourcivilisationcom/smartboard/shop/tacitusc/agricola/chap1.htm
MacManus, Seumas. “The Story of the Irish Race,” Konecky: Greenwich, CT; 1921.
“Military History Online,” Retrieved on April 5, 2009 from
http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/conquestbritain/articles/anglesey.aspx
Sutton, Maya Magee. “The Practice of Celtic Wisdom: Druid Magic,” Llewellyn: Woodbury, MN; 2007.